Cancer continues to be a major cause of death worldwide, making it critical to develop better diagnostic tools. Among these tools, methods that non-invasively check for genetic changes in cancer cells through a simple blood test are emerging as key technologies. These tests are not only helpful for early diagnosis but also for tracking the progress of cancer, enabling timely and effective treatment adjustments. Detecting changes in the KRAS gene, which are common in several cancers such as colorectal cancer, poses particular challenges. A novel test has been introduced that promises to transform how we identify and react to these genetic changes, improving outcomes for patients.
A team of researchers led by Professor Marco Giannetto at the University of Parma and IRCCS, Italy has introduced a breakthrough in the field of cancer diagnostics. They have created a highly sensitive test that can pinpoint specific genetic changes, known as single nucleotide variations, in the KRAS gene from a small sample of human plasma. This innovation marks a significant step forward in personalized cancer treatment.
The KRAS gene is critical in how cells signal and grow, and changes in this gene can indicate the presence of colorectal cancer, among others. Traditional methods to detect these changes involve tissue samples, which can be invasive and not always possible. The new test uses a method called liquid biopsy, which analyzes DNA from a blood sample. This approach is much less invasive, causing less discomfort to the patient and providing a quick and effective way to monitor the genetic changes in tumors.
At the heart of this test are special molecules called peptide nucleic acid (PNA) capture probes attached to tiny magnetic beads. These probes are finely tuned to latch onto either the normal or changed genetic sequences of the KRAS gene, allowing for precise identification of changes. The test can detect incredibly low levels of these mutations in diluted human plasma, establishing a new high standard for sensitivity.
Professor Giannetto emphasized the practicality of the new test, noting, “This highly sensitive test is portable, straightforward, and very sensitive, showing great promise as a tool for personalized medicine in cancer care.” He also pointed out its clinical relevance: “The test was successfully used on human plasma and DNA samples to demonstrate its effectiveness in real-world diagnostics.”
This test is not only notable for its precision but also for its ease of use and portability, facilitated by its integration with a smart, portable device capable of conducting multiple tests simultaneously. This feature makes it possible to use the test directly at the point of care, such as in clinics or remote areas, potentially transforming how and where cancer diagnostics can be conducted.
This significant advancement underscores the critical role of detecting KRAS mutations in effective cancer treatment and highlights the test’s potential to greatly influence therapeutic strategies. Its non-invasive nature and high accuracy make it an invaluable tool for continuous monitoring and early detection of treatment-resistant mutations, thereby informing treatment decisions promptly.
Reflecting on the impact of this research, Professor Giannetto discussed the test’s potential to “enhance clinical management and refine treatment approaches, ensuring therapies are as targeted and effective as possible.”
As researchers continue to explore the capabilities of this test, there is promising potential for patients dealing with cancers driven by KRAS mutations. This test represents not just a technical breakthrough but also a beacon of hope for more tailored and responsive cancer care.
Journal Reference
Simone Fortunati, Chiara Giliberti, Marco Giannetto, et al., “A highly sensitive electrochemical magneto-genosensing assay for the specific detection of a single nucleotide variation in the KRAS oncogene in human plasma.” Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100404
