Olfaction with legs—Spiders use wall-pore sensilla for pheromone detection
Significance
Communication via sex pheromones is well studied in insects. Spiders are the most important group of natural enemies of insects, but we do not know much about their chemosensory world. Here, we provide evidence that males of the orb-weaver spider Argiope bruennichi perceive the sex pheromone produced by female conspecifics using sensilla that possess wall pores, similar to those known from insects. The sensilla are found in male A. bruennichi but not in females or subadult males, which strongly suggests that their main function is related to species discrimination, mate search, and mate assessment. We did not find wall-pore sensilla in the basally branching spider lineages, suggesting that olfactory sensilla evolved several times independently within arachnids.
Abstract
The sense of smell is a central sensory modality of most terrestrial species. However, our knowledge of olfaction is based on vertebrates and insects. In contrast, little is known about the chemosensory world of spiders and nothing about how they perform olfaction despite their important ecological role. The orb-weaving spider Argiope bruennichi lends itself to an in-depth study on olfaction as it is one of the few spider species whose volatile sex pheromone, emitted by females to attract males, is known. We combined ultrastructural and electrophysiological analyses and found that previously overlooked sensilla with wall pores are abundant on all walking legs of A. bruennichi males. We compared the ultrastructure of these wall-pore sensilla with those known to perform olfaction in insects, exploring similarities and differences. Electrophysiological single sensillum recordings demonstrated that the wall-pore sensilla in A. bruennichi respond highly sensitive and in a concentration-dependent manner to the sex pheromone. Our study demonstrates male-specific sensilla for detecting signaling females, whereas females and subadult males are devoid of wall pore sensilla. In a preliminary comparative morphological analysis using 19 species from 16 spider families, we found that wall-pore sensilla occur in male spiders from most, but not in basally branching clades or in Salticids, suggesting that wall-pore sensilla evolved at least once within spiders and were lost at least once. This research significantly expands our knowledge of the sensory ecology of spiders, will stimulate studies on the diversity and function of sensilla, as well as studies on the evolution of olfaction in arthropods.
