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Home Science & Environment Wildlife & Conservation

Australia’s critically endangered alpine tree frogs use sex to fight killer fungus

June 11, 2025
in Wildlife & Conservation
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Alpine tree frogs are now found in only eight fragmented habitats in NSW and Victoria.Photograph: Tiffany Kosch and Corey Doughty/University of Melbourne
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The number of critically endangered alpine tree frogs, found only in the Australian alps, has crashed by about 80% since the 1980s.

Populations have been hit by chytrid fungus, a disease that has devastated amphibian populations globally. But a new study has found a surprising silver lining that – for now – is helping the species hang on in the face of extinction.

Researchers at the University of Melbourne found that male alpine tree frogs with the deadly chytridiomycosis breed more prolifically than healthy frogs. The infected frogs produce higher-quality sperm, display brighter throat patches during mating displays and sire nearly a third more offspring.

Researchers believe it’s a trade-off: the frogs shift their energy from fighting infection to reproducing – a last-ditch evolutionary push to pass on their genes.

Alpine tree frogs are now found in only eight fragmented habitats in NSW and Victoria. Photograph: Tiffany Kosch and Corey Doughty/University of Melbourne

The phenomenon is rare in the animal kingdom but not unheard of. Similar behaviour has been observed in female Tasmanian devils with facial tumours, which tend to reproduce earlier and in greater numbers.

Still, the authors of the alpine frog study say the trend is not a long-term safeguard against extinction.

“This increased reproduction is able to offset the mortality, but it doesn’t help them build their populations back up,” said lead researcher Dr Laura Brannelly.

Once common throughout the alpine regions of Victoria and New South Wales, Litoria verreauxii alpina now survives in just eight fragmented strongholds across both states.

Chytrid fungus spreads through water. It infects the outer layer of the frog’s skin, disrupting their system for regulating respiration, water and electrolytes and ultimately killing them via cardiac arrest.

It is blamed for extinction of at least seven Australian frog species – including the gastric-brooding frog, famous for giving birth through its mouth and last seen in 1981. While disease remains the primary driver of the species’ decline, it is not the only threat they face.

Brannelly said habitat loss, drought and bushfires are compounding the risk. Global heating is drying out boggy alpine wetlands, which the frogs rely on for breeding grounds, she said, and four-wheel driving, dam construction, hunting and fishing have all damaged fragile habitats.

“There’s a lot of recreation up there,” she said. “If we can support those groups to also be creating spots that support alpina, plus the recreation, then we can hit all the marks.”

Her team’s research recommends creating artificial breeding ponds and corridors between the frog populations, to help boost the species’ chances of survival.

The frogs are only 3cm long when fully grown.Photograph: Tharaka Deepal/University of Melbourne
The frogs are only 3cm long when fully grown. Photograph: Tharaka Deepal/University of Melbourne

Tracking the frogs to gather the study’s data was not easy. Brannelly and her team spent nights driving through Mount Hotham in the Victorian Alps, periodically turning off the engine to listen for the gravelly whistle of the male’s mating call – a sound that used to echo through the region.

They followed the sound and waded through bogs and snowmelt streams to find the frogs – tiny, cold and remarkably hardy.

Growing up to just 3cm long, alpine tree frogs range in colour from bright green to mottled brown, often with spots or stripes.

They blend almost seamlessly into their surroundings. Their most extraordinary trait, however, might be their ability to survive after being frozen, something researchers still do not fully understand.

“Sometimes you find one and you think, ‘Oh my God, there’s a frozen dead frog’ – and then it will just come back to life,” Brannelly said.

But even with this resilience, the species is under significant pressure.

Nick Clemann, a senior herpetology biologist at Zoos Victoria, said the frogs’ survival is “on a knife’s edge”.

“The alpine tree frog used to be widespread and found in high density,” he said. “Before the disease hit, you would have heard lots of males calling in the wild.”

The frog's disappearance from alpine ecosystems, where few cold-blooded animals live, has been described as ‘catastrophic'.Photograph: Tiffany Kosch and Corey Doughty/University of Melbourne
The frog’s disappearance from alpine ecosystems, where few cold-blooded animals live, has been described as ‘catastrophic’. Photograph: Tiffany Kosch and Corey Doughty/University of Melbourne

They are typically hardy, with tadpoles found swimming even in water pooled inside discarded tyres.

Clemann said the frog’s disappearance from alpine ecosystems, where few cold-blooded animals live, was “catastrophic.”

Frogs play a crucial ecological role, controlling insect populations, serving as prey for birds, fish and other wildlife and filtering water as tadpoles.

The alpine frog is listed as endangered in NSW and critically endangered in Victoria, giving impetus to conservation efforts. But Clemann said the real work is happening at ground level, driven by “dedicated individuals and organisations”.

“That’s where the difference is made.”

Clemann agreed with Brannelly that the most practical path forward is habitat modification – for conservationists to create artificial environments to support breeding habitat.

He believes protecting the alpine tree frog and its habitat requires practical collaboration between traditional custodians, regulators such as Parks Victoria and recreational visitors to the habitat.

This article by Ima Caldwell was first published by The Guardian on 5 June 2025. Lead Image: Alpine tree frog’s survival is ‘on a knife’s edge’ after being decimated by chytridiomycosis fungus. Photograph: Tharaka Deepal/University of Melbourne.

Wildlife in catastrophic decline

The 73% decline in vertebrate wildlife populations during the last 50 years (mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish), is primarily driven by human activities that threaten biodiversity.

Habitat Loss and Degradation – human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture have led to the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, reducing the space and resources available for wildlife.

Pollution – air, water, and soil pollution from industrial activities, agriculture, and other sources can harm wildlife directly or indirectly by affecting their habitats and food sources.

Climate Change – changing weather patterns, rising temperatures, and sea levels are disrupting ecosystems and impacting species’ ability to adapt and survive.

Overexploitation of Resources – unsustainable hunting, fishing, and logging practices can lead to the depletion of populations and the loss of biodiversity.

Invasive Species – the introduction of non-native species can disrupt ecosystems, compete with native species, and threaten their survival.

Help to protect wildlife by donating as little as $5. Our conservation partners spend at least 80 percent of the money raised on actual fieldwork rather than administration and fundraising.


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